total population
population with sightloss
registered blind
CVIs
est'd change in sightloss by 2030
This report has been generated using RNIB’s Sight Loss Data Tool. It provides a range of indicators relevant to blind and partially sighted people and those at risk of sight loss in Middlesbrough.
The aim of this report is to bring together relevant data at a local level to help supplement knowledge about the different factors that can influence provision on the ground. Much of the data in this report requires local interpretation.
Around two million people live with sight loss in the UK today. And it can be tough. From difficulty accessing treatment and services, to a lack of emotional and practical support, blind and partially sighted people each face their own set of challenges every day.
RNIB’s vision is for a world where blind and partially sighted people participate equally and our purpose in helping to achieve that is to break down the barriers for people with sight loss.
This report includes information about the general population, people with a potentially sight threatening eye condition or additional health problems linked to higher prevalence of sight loss, and also people living with sight loss.
The number of people living with sight loss has been taken from a systematic review of available evidence to help understand how commonly vision problems were occurring in the population. The basis for these estimates is the World Health Organisation’s definition of blindness and partial sight, which equates to the point at which someone should stop driving in the UK.
There is a comprehensive set of guidance notes to accompany this report. These notes provide further information on the data used, including notes on terminology and limitations. Further information can be found at www.rnib.org.uk/datatool.
Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information in this report, sometimes mistakes do happen or information has changed. If you notice anything that doesn’t look right, please let us know.
If you have any questions, please contact us at research@rnib.org.uk.
This section provides an overview of the general population in Middlesbrough, including information on demographics and public health metrics that are linked to increased risk of sight loss.
Public attitudes have also been identified as a key barrier for blind and partially sighted people. The general public can have a key impact on independence and inclusion.
Middlesbrough is a unitary authority in the North East region of England. It forms part of the Integrated Care System of North East and North Cumbria.
There are 141,285 people living in Middlesbrough. Of the total population:
The older you are, the greater your risk of sight loss. The proportion of people aged 75 years and over in Middlesbrough is lower than the average for England - 7% of the population are aged 75 plus, compared to 9% in England.
| Age band | Population | Percentage |
| 0-4 | 9,431 | 7% |
| 5-17 | 23,698 | 17% |
| 18-29 | 25,305 | 18% |
| 30-49 | 33,916 | 24% |
| 50-64 | 25,721 | 18% |
| 65-74 | 12,879 | 9% |
| 75-84 | 7,520 | 5% |
| 85+ | 2,815 | 2% |
Note: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.
People from different ethnic communities are at greater risk of some of the leading causes of sight loss.
The proportion of people from minority ethnic groups is lower than the average for England, 12% of the population are from minority ethnic groups, compared to 15% in England.
| Ethnicity | Population | Percentage |
| White | 122,055 | 88% |
| Mixed ethnicity | 2,362 | 2% |
| Asian / Asian British | 9,864 | 7% |
| Black / Black British | 1,731 | 1% |
| Other ethnic groups | 2,400 | 2% |
Note: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.
Sight loss can be linked to poor health and other health conditions. Certain risk factors can also increase the chance of sight loss. For example, smoking can double the risk of AMD and obesity increases the risk of developing diabetes which can cause sight loss.
The general health of people in Middlesbrough is worse than the England average.
Local employment data broken down by sight loss is not available. However, general labour market figures and the gap in the employment rate between those with a long-term health condition and the general population indicates the inequality in employment.
The unemployment rate in Middlesbrough is 8%, which is higher than the national average of 4.9%.
The gap in employment rate for people with a long term health condition is 14%, compared to a national average of 10.6%.
People living in more deprived areas are at a greater risk of sight loss. The deprivation rank of an area is ordered by 1st being the most deprived and higher numbers being less deprived:
Public attitudes towards sight loss are rooted in stereotypes and a lack of knowledge about blindness and partial sight. The majority of the UK general population agrees that blind and partially sighted people are not treated the same as everyone else.
One of the main influences that drives greater feelings of positivity towards blind and partially sighted people is exposure. A greater familiarity results in more positive associations, a greater understanding as well as an increased sense of confidence in one’s ability to provide appropriate support.
Despite legislation that aims to protect the rights of blind and partially sighted people, the accessibility of products, information and services is still not an area where people with sight loss have equality of experience. Whether this is being able to independently read instructions on grocery packaging, being able to enjoy favourite TV shows with audio description or getting information from health services in accessible formats, blind and partially sighted people experience a significant information and inclusion gap because of their vision impairment.
Transport systems, pavements and built environments are often not designed to be fully inclusive of people with a vision impairment. People with sight loss are unable to drive so, for journeys that cannot be made by walking, rely on public transport, taxis and lifts from friends or relatives. Navigating streets, public spaces and buildings can be a challenge for people with sight loss, particularly if the environment is unfamiliar, changeable or not designed in an accessible way.
This section provides an overview of eye health and social care landscape from the perspective of pre-hospital, in hospital, and post-hospital services in North East and North Cumbria ICS.
In the future we plan to develop and expand this section to be more focused on patient experiences, but currently the data (where is exists) is more focused on service outputs.
No one should experience sight loss without the appropriate support. Despite advancements in clinical treatments over the last decade, less attention has been paid to the patient pathway as a whole, from pre- to post-diagnosis, and the support mechanisms within this. As a result, many individuals find themselves ill equipped to live with their sight loss and the increased risk of poor wellbeing, low confidence and the impact this has on daily life.
Across North East and North Cumbria, the percentage of GP registered population aged 65+ is 20% and aged 85+ is 3%.
The GP Patient Survey assesses patients’ experience of healthcare services provided by GP practices, including experience of access, making appointments, the quality of care received from healthcare professionals, patient health and experience of NHS services when their GP practice was closed.
Latest national data and breakdowns for each CCG can be found at the NHS Digital GP Survey homepage. In a future SLDT update we plan to conduct additional analysis on the GP Survey in order to provide data of the experiences of patients with sight loss.
In England there were 13,355,060 NHS-funded eye tests carried out in 2019/20. This represents an increase of 1% from 2018/19 and of 38.2% since 2002/03.
Data for NHS-funded eye tests is only available at a national level in England. NHS Digital removed any breakdowns to do with geographical areas as it was not possible to accurately assign eye tests to each area, which made these figures misleading.
Across England, 2,680,758 eligible patients were invited for diabetic eye screening in 2018/19, this was 95.1% of the total number of eligible patients. A total of 2,313,762 attended their screening appointment, a take up rate of 82.6%.
Performance of local Diabetic Eye Screening Programmes can vary considerably. Local screening data can be accessed on the gov.uk Diabetic Eye Screening pages.
Eye health care is provided predominately in outpatient services. However, the mandated data collection for outpatient activity is not as detailed as inpatient care. For example, there is no mandatory requirement for hospital episode statistics outpatient episodes to be coded by diagnosis or by procedure.
Information in this section has been provided at Integrated Care Service-level. Further breakdowns by NHS Trusts are available from NHS Digital’s Hospital Episode Statistics.
There were 422,630 vision related outpatient appointments in North East and North Cumbria in 2019/20. The attendance rate was 13,603 per 100,000 people. This includes the specialities of ophthalmology, medical ophthalmology, paediatric ophthalmology, orthoptics and optometry.
In the most recent year, 2020/21, a total of 274,965 ophthamology attendances were recorded. This figure is considerably lower than normal attendance levels due to the pandemic. And it only includes the speciality of ophthalmology, with the other vision related attendances not included in the data source.
Some eye conditions, such as lens removal for cataract or laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy, require a patient to have a surgical procedure.
In North East and North Cumbria:
Since the pandemic, the backlog in patients requiring eye care has resulted in an increase to appointment waiting times with more urgent cases are prioritised. Referral to treatment time data can show local variation in waiting times.
In North East and North Cumbria, as of January 2022, 37% of patients were waiting longer than 18 weeks to start non-emergency consultant-led treatment, compared to a national average of 38%. This was 32,756 patients.
The Earliest Clinically Appropriate Date (ECAD) records the clinically safe review date for ophthalmology follow-up patients. An appointment or procedure that significantly exceeds this date may lead to a patient's condition worsening and the patient losing their sight, which potentially could have been avoided.
The completion rate for ECAD is currently very low and so data has not been included. Once data quality has been improved we will include clinically appropriate date metrics in the SLDT.
Eye Care Liaison Officers or ECLOs, providing a sight loss advice service, are based within eye clinics or hospitals. They play an important role in helping patients recently diagnosed with an eye condition or who are experiences changes in their vision to understand the impact of their diagnosis and provide patients with emotional and practical support.
ECLO support is not available in every NHS Trust or Health Board. RNIB has collected information about where support is available. This only includes qualified ECLOs, trained by RNIB, and there may be other support services available locally.
In the North East and North Cumbria, 80% of the NHS Trusts in the ICS had access to an ECLO service.
Rehabilitation is the structured support put in place by a local authority (or commissioned agency) to maximise independence and quality of life for people with sight loss, as required by the Care Act 2014. Timely referral and delivery of rehabilitation can have a significant impact in developing independence skills for people who have experienced sight loss.
The mapping data we currently hold on the vision rehabilitation offer in local authorities is out of date. When workforce and service data has been updated we will include it in a future update to the Sight Loss Data Tool.
For further information on the benefits associated with vision rehabilitation please reference Demonstrating the impact and value of vision rehabilitation report on the RNIB website.
The Sightline Directory provides more information on services aimed at helping blind and partially sighted people, providing information on both national and local services. Please visit www.sightlinedirectory.org.uk for more details.
Being told you are losing your sight can be difficult to come to terms with, with common effects being depression and reduced wellbeing. But many people do not receive essential support in relation to their sight loss.
Having to re-learn how to do everyday things is the reality of losing your sight. This can include everything from re-learning how to make a cup of tea to moving safely around your local area. But provision of specialist rehabilitation services varies across the country, and most people do not receive practical support with mobility or practical tasks such as preparing food.
Overall, feelings of wellbeing are lower among blind and partially sighted people compared to the UK average. This includes feelings of unhappiness or depression, worthlessness and lack of confidence.
Blind and partially sighted people can feel cut off from the people and things around them. This is compounded by inaccessible information, difficulty with everyday tasks such as shopping for groceries and problems navigating pavements or using public transport.
The figures presented in this section highlight estimates for all people living with certain eye conditions in Middlesbrough.
This includes people who have experienced sight loss as a result of these eye conditions, people who have been diagnosed but have not experienced any sight loss yet, and also those people who are undiagnosed.
If you need more information about specific eye conditions, or eye health basics, RNIB’s website has a comprehensive range of Eye Health information.
AMD causes changes to the macula, which leads to problems with your central vision. Your central vision is the vision you use when you’re looking straight at something, for example when you’re reading or watching television.
AMD is the leading cause of blindness and severe sight loss in the UK. There are two main types:
In Middlesbrough, we estimate that:
Between 2022 and 2032 there is estimated to be an increase of 18% in the number of people living with late-stage AMD.
Cataract is a common eye condition that is prevalent in older people. The lens becomes less transparent and turns misty or cloudy. Cataracts often get worse over time and the impact upon vision may be difficult to notice. The usual treatment is an operation to replace the lens with an artificial one.
In Middlesbrough, we estimate that 1,320 people are living with cataract.
Between 2022 and 2032 there is estimated to be an increase of 19% in the number of people living with cataract.
This is a group of eye conditions in which the optic nerve can be damaged due to changes in eye pressure. Damage to sight
can usually be minimised by early diagnosis in conjunction with careful regular observation and treatment. Many glaucoma patients will attend regular appointments and take eye drops for the rest of their lives to prevent deterioration of vision. Some forms of glaucoma can be treated with laser surgery and surgery.
In Middlesbrough, we estimate that 2,640people are living with ocular hypertension. A further 1,330 people are living with glaucoma.
Between 2022 and 2032 there is estimated to be an increase of 11% in the number of people living with glaucoma.
People with diabetes are at risk of diabetic eye disease, which can affect the blood vessels in the eye. This can lead to permanent sight loss. Screening and early diagnosis with appropriate intervention is essential.
In Middlesbrough, we estimate that:
Between 2022 and 2032 there is estimated to be an increase of 1% in the number of people living with diabetic retinopathy.
This section provides an overview of the number of people impacted by sight loss in the Middlesbrough and the impact that this has on their daily life.
More than two million people are estimated to be living with sight loss in the UK today. This sight loss is severe enough to have a significant impact on their daily lives. This figure includes:
The main causes of sight loss are:
In Middlesbrough there are an estimated 4,070 people living with sight loss. This includes around:
Note: these figures include people whose vision is better than the levels that qualify for registration, but that still has a significant impact on their daily life (for example, not being able to drive).
The estimated prevalence of sight loss in Middlesbrough is 2.90% which is lower than the average for England of 3.3%. This estimate is based on age and gender. A range of other factors could potentially impact on the prevalence of sight loss in the local area including higher proportions of BAME communities, the number of people in low-income households and access to healthcare services.
In terms of the age profile of the people living with sight loss in Middlesbrough, we estimate that:
*Figures may not sum due to rounding and different prevalence estimates for vision impairment in children.
By 2032 there are expected to be 4,640 people in Middlesbrough living with sight loss, an estimated increase of 14% over the next decade.
| Severity of sight loss | 2022 | 2032 |
| Mild sight loss | 2,620 | 2,980 |
| Moderate sight loss | 920 | 1,040 |
| Severe sight loss | 530 | 620 |
| Total | 4,070 | 4,640 |
A Certificate of Vision Impairment (CVI) certifies a person as either sight impaired (partially sighted) or severely sight impaired (blind). The purpose of the CVI is to provide a formal referral route for someone with sight loss to social care services.
Each CVI form is signed by a consultant ophthalmologist in an eye clinic and a copy is sent to the person's local social services department. Upon receipt of the CVI, social services offer registration and other relevant advice and services.
In 2020/21, 52 Certificates of Vision Impairment were issued in the Middlesbrough.
Due to the impact of the pandemic on hospital eye care services, the number of people receiving a CVI in this latest year is likely to be significantly lower than usual. Depending on how much lower, this could mean a considerable backlog of patients and CVIs over the coming years.
In Middlesbrough, the number of CVIs in 2020/21 changed by -2% compared to the previous year.
The rate of CVIs issued per 100,000 people in Middlesbrough was 37, compared to 29 per 100,000 people in England. In the previous year, the national rate was 41 per 100,000 people.
The rate of certification for three leading eye conditions are listed below:
There have been numerous initiatives to support better identification of need and recording of CVI so that people get access to the support they need. A higher rate of certification may indicate a positive response to this work.
Upon receipt of a completed CVI form, the social services department offer registration as blind or partially sighted and other relevant advice and support. Registers of blind and partially sighted people are maintained by all local authorities to help them plan and deliver services.
In Middlesbrough, there are 660 people registered as blind or partially sighted. Roughly half are registered as blind and half as partially sighted.
| Age band | Registered blind | Registered partially slighted | Total |
| 0-17 | 25 | 75 | 100 |
| 18-49 | 50 | 65 | 115 |
| 50-64 | 45 | 60 | 105 |
| 65-74 | 25 | 45 | 70 |
| 75+ | 105 | 165 | 270 |
| Total | 250 | 410 | 660 |
355 of the people registered as blind or partially sighted in Middlesbrough have also been recorded as having an additional disability by the local authority.
In the year 2019/20, there were 35 new registrations of blind and partially sighted people in Middlesbrough. This compares to 53 new CVIs in the same year. The number of new registrations in 2019/20 as percentage of CVIs issued was 66%.
If everyone receiving a CVI joined their local authority register of blind and partially sighted people, we would expect the number of new registrations to be fairly similar to the number of CVIs. This would mean close to 100%. Small differences are possible due to natural fluctuations in CVIs issued in a given year and the time it may take for someone to join the register after receiving a CVI.
However, often registrations are slightly lower as not everyone chooses to join the register, possibly because of a lack of knowledge of the benefits to them. Any substantial difference between the numbers of new registrations and CVIs could indicate potential issues in the process from CVI to registration or errors in the published data. Any issues could be related to the administrative process from CVI to offering registration which might not be operating consistently, or there may be some unusual factors affecting the process such as a backlog of CVIs or registrations.
In Middlesbrough there are 468 registered blind or partially sighted people per 100,000 population. This compares to an overall rate of 492 for England.
Registration data is submitted by local authorities to NHS Digital. Sometimes there can be data quality issues. If you have any questions regarding the accuracy of these numbers, contact the relevant local authority with responsibility for holding the register.
The majority of visually impaired children are educated in inclusive (mainstream) education, but many children are being deprived of specialist support due to variation in service provision, and learning materials and exams are not consistently made available in alternative formats. This results in lower educational attainment compared to children without a special educational need. Around half of children with a vision impairment will have additional disabilities and additional special educational needs.
People with sight loss have a lower employment rate compared to the UK average. The majority of blind and partially sighted say that they feel that their sight loss has stopped them reaching their full potential at work.
Many blind and partially sighted people have reduced opportunities to do the things they would like to take part in. This includes general leisure pursuits, and things like sports and fitness, civic and cultural engagement and access to volunteering opportunities.
We know that technology is a key enabler for people to feel more connected and more independent. But there is a significant generational divide in its use. Younger blind and partially sighted people are much more likely to be using the internet, a computer or a smartphone compared to older people.
Many blind and partially sighted people are also living with other health problems or disabilities. Sight loss is linked to age, and as we get older we are more likely to be living with many health conditions at the same time.
Around 60% of people who experience strokes will also experience some form of visual impairment immediately after their stroke. There are national guidelines recommending specialist vision assessment for stroke survivors who have a suspected visual problem.
In the area we estimate that 630 people have a long-standing health condition after experiencing a stroke.
Prevalence estimates suggest that over 1 million people in the UK have some form of dementia. Prevalence of sight loss is higher among people with dementia, especially those living in care homes.
In Middlesbrough we estimate that 1,920 people are living with dementia. Within this group it is estimated that 680 people have dementia and vision impairment.
People with learning disabilities are 10 times more likely to experience sight loss than the general population.
In Middlesbrough we estimate that 160 adults have a learning disability and partial sight. A further 45 adults have a learning disability and blindness.
In Middlesbrough we estimate that 13,200 people have a moderate or severe hearing impairment, and 280 people have a profound hearing impairment.
An estimated 780 people are living with some degree of dual sensory loss in Middlesbrough. Of these people, it is estimated that 300 are living with severe dual sensory loss.
Falls are more common, and are more likely to have serious outcomes, amongst older people. In some cases, falls can lead to serious medical problems and a range of adverse outcomes for health and wellbeing.
In Middlesbrough we estimated that:
RNIB is a leading source of information on sight loss and the issues affecting blind and partially sighted people.
Our Research and Knowledge Hub contains key information and statistics about blind and partially sighted people including our Sight Loss Data Tool, which provides information about sight loss at a local level throughout the UK. You’ll also find research reports on a range of topics including employment, education, technology, accessibility and more.
Visit our Knowledge and Research Hub at: www.rnib.org.uk/research.
This section provides a brief overview of the sources of evidence used in this report.
There is a separate, more comprehensive, set of guidance notes also available to accompany this report. These guidance notes provide further information on the data and evidence sources, including full references, notes on terminology and limitations. Further information can be found at www.rnib.org.uk/datatool.
Further information on the impact of sight loss can be found in RNIB’s Key statistics about sight loss.
Demographic data come from the most recent estimates and projections available from the relevant national statistics agency.
Public health, socio-economic and labour market data also come from the most recent national statistics.
Some benchmarking is available in the original source material, but where this isn’t published we have developed our own benchmarking tool in order to provide these insights. Further details can be found in the SLDT guidance notes.
As health and social care is devolved across the four UK nations, the range of sources in this section varies considerably depending on the geography of the report.
The latest publications available from health authorities covering primary and secondary care have been used. We have also utilised other resources like the NHS Vision Atlas, but this is only available in England.
Further details on the indicators and sources used in this section by UK nation can be found in the SLDT guidance notes.
Most of the prevalence estimates for sight threatening eye conditions come from the National Eye Health Epidemiological Model. The base prevalence rates are then applied to the most recent estimates and projections available from the relevant national statistics agency
Prevalence estimates for the number of people living with sight loss come from the Deloitte Access Economics report The economic impact of sight loss and blindness in the UK adult population. The base prevalence rates are then applied to the most recent estimates and projections available from the relevant national statistics agency.
Certification of Vision Impairment and registration data come from the most recent publication in each nation.
We have combined the latest underlying prevalence estimates for stroke, dementia. learning disabilities, hearing impairment, dual sensory loss and falls, with population estimates from the relevant national statistics agency.